Table 12 Optimal controllers’ settings for the LFC loop in the first and second area.
Controller | Optim. Algorithm | \(\:{LFC|}_{Area1}\) | \(\:{LFC|}_{Area2}\) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KP | KI | KD1 | N1 | KD2 | N2 | KE | KCE | KP | KI | KD1 | N1 | KD2 | N2 | KE | KCE | ||
PID | PSO | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | 17.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.4 | - | - | - | - |
PID | GTO | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - |
PID | MPA | 3.2 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | 86.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - |
PIDD² | PSO | 100.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | - | - |
PIDD² | GTO | 99.6 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 10.0 | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 100.0 | - | - |
PIDD² | MPA | 100.0 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | - | - | 99.8 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 10.0 | 99.8 | - | - |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | PSO | 100.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 6.4 | 100.0 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 44.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 9.6 | 75.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | GTO | 100.0 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 7.1 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 100.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | MPA | 80.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 9.9 | 100.0 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 44.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 10.0 | 99.1 | 2.0 | 0.1 |
