Table 18 Optimal controllers’ settings for the AVR loop in Area-1 and Area-2.
Controller | Optim Algorithm | \(\:{AVR|}_{Area1}\) | \(\:AVR{|}_{Area2}\) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KP | KI | KD1 | N1 | KD2 | N2 | KE | KCE | KP | KI | KD1 | N1 | KD2 | N2 | KE | KCE | ||
PID | PSO | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.3 | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | - | - | - | - |
PID | GTO | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
PID | MPA | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
PIDD² | PSO | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 | - | - | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 | - | - |
PIDD² | GTO | 1.2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 65.5 | - | - | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 98.4 | - | - |
PIDD² | MPA | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 | - | - | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 95.1 | - | - |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | PSO | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 100.0 | - | - | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 100.0 | - | - |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | GTO | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 96.2 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 100.0 | - | - |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | MPA | 0.7 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | - | - | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 60.5 | - | - |
