Table 24 The optimism integral time absolute error (ITAE) for all controllers.

From: A hybrid fuzzy-PIDD² control strategy for coordinated LFC and AVR in renewable-integrated multi-area power systems

Controller

Optimization Algorithm

Best ITAE

PSO

GTO

MPA

Value

Algorithm

PID

965.45

1066.06

993.59

993.59

PSO

PIDD²

553.15

568.51

551.81

551.81

MPA

FPIDD²+ PIDD²

62.19

54.85

54.84

54.84

MPA

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