Table 7 Upper and lower bounds of tuning parameters for LFC and AVR systems.
Tuning Parameter | LFC Bounds | AVR Bounds | Basis for Selection | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||
\(\:{\text{K}}_{\text{P}}\) | 0.1 | 100 | 0.1 | 2 | Proportional range for system stability; prevents excessive actuation |
\(\:{\text{K}}_{\text{I}}\) | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | Ensures integral action eliminates ESS without causing slow recovery. |
\(\:{\text{K}}_{\text{D}1}\) | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | Avoids amplification of high-frequency noise while maintaining damping. |
\(\:{\text{N}}_{1}\) | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | Provides adequate derivative filtering bandwidth |
\(\:{\text{K}}_{\text{D}2}\) | 0.1 | 10 | 0.1 | 2 | Avoids amplification of high-frequency noise while maintaining damping. |
\(\:{\text{N}}_{2}\) | 0.1 | 100 | 0.1 | 100 | Provides adequate derivative filtering bandwidth |
\(\:{\text{K}}_{\text{E}}\) | 0.01 | 2 | - | - | Maintains normalized fuzzy I/O mapping for adaptive control stability. |
\(\:{\text{K}}_{\text{C}\text{E}}\) | 0.01 | 0.1 | - | - | |
