Table 9 Optimal controllers’ settings for the AVR loop in the first and second area.
Controller | Optim. Algorithm | \(\:{AVR|}_{Area1}\) | \(\:AVR{|}_{Area2}\) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KP | KI | KD1 | N1 | KD2 | N2 | KE | KCE | KP | KI | KD1 | N1 | KD2 | N2 | KE | KCE | ||
PID | PSO | 0.7 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.9 | - | - | - | - |
PID | GTO | 0.4 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - |
PID | MPA | 0.1 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.7 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 | - | - | - | - |
PIDD² | PSO | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 6.7 | - | - | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 | - | - |
PIDD² | GTO | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 8.8 | - | - | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 95.9 | - | - |
PIDD² | MPA | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 99.8 | - | - | 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 94.2 | - | - |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | PSO | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 100.0 | - | - | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 | - | - |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | GTO | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 | - | - | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 100.0 | - | - |
FPIDD²+PIDD² | MPA | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 98.4 | - | - | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 95.4 | - | - |
