Table 4 Biomarkers with best performance for UTI risk assessment after acute SCI.

From: T-cell biomarkers improve urinary tract infection risk stratification beyond clinical characteristics after acute traumatic spinal cord injury

Biomarker Model

Hazard Ratio (95% CI)

[per unit]

Weighted C-index at

42 days

Turnaround Time

Laboratory Specialisation Required

CD8 + T-cells, n = 64

0.34 (0.18–0.65)

0.74

Same day

(4–8 h)

Standard haematology or flow cytometer analyser

IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, n = 63

0.53 (0.33–0.83)

0.70

 > 3–5 days

Specialised immunology laboratory

mHLA-DR, n = 64

Before PI: 0.39 (0.14—1.06)

After PI: 2.27 (0.90—5.75)

0.74

 > 12–24 h

Flow cytometry facility

  1. Top-performing biomarkers from the SCIentinel study with discriminatory performance and clinical feasibility. Each Cox model included age, sex, neurological level of injury, severity of injury, accompanying injury, PI, and one biomarker. Complete biomarker results are in Supplementary Table S5. Abbreviations: AIS = American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale, C-index = Concordance index, mHLA-DR = monocytic Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR, NLI = neurological level of injury, PI = pulmonary infection.
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