Table 1 Recent experimental studies on measuring the DV and TC of THNFs.

¹⁶

Water

GO/rGO: TiO₂:Ag

5:1:1

25–50

0–0.5 wt%

DV

¹⁷

Water

TiO₂:MgO: CuO

1:1:1

2:1:1

1:2:1

1:1:2

1:3:6

15–65

0.1–0.5 vol%

DV, TC

¹⁸

Water

Al₂O₃:TiO₂:Cu

1:3:1

3:5:2

2:2:1

5:3:2

3:1:1

20–60

0.005–1 vol%

DV, TC

¹⁹

Water

Al₂O₃:SiC: TiO₂

1:1:1

35–40

0.01–0.1 vol%

DV

²⁰

Water

Al₂O₃:ZnO: Fe₃O₄

1:1:1

1:2:1

1:1:2

25–65

0.5–1.25 vol%

DV, TC

²¹

Water

MWCNT: SiO₂:Cu

1:1:1

15–65

1–3 vol%

DV, TC

²²

Water

Al₂O₃:CuO: TiO₂

1:1:1

35–50

0.01–0.1 vol%

DV

²³

EG

rGO: Fe₃O₄:TiO₂

1:1:1

25–50

0.01–0.25 wt%

DV

²⁴

EG

rGO: Fe₃O₄:TiO₂

1:1:1

25–60

0.01–0.25 wt%

TC

²⁵

Water

MWCNT: MgO: ZnO

15:50:35

30–50

0.03–2 vol%

TC

²⁶

Water

ZnO: Al₂O₃:TiO₂

1:1:1

20–45

0.025–0.1 wt%

TC

²⁷

EG/water

ZnO: TiO₂:MWCNT

1:1:1

25–50

0.1–0.4 vol%

TC

¹³

Oil

CeO₂:GO: SA

1:1:1

5–55

0.25–1.5 vol%

DV

^28,29

Oil

GO: Fe₃O₄:TiO₂

1:1:1

1:1:2

1:2:1

2:1:1

15–65

0.05–1 vol%

DV, TC

¹¹

Oil

MoO₃:GO: MWCNT

1:1:1

5–65

0–1.5 vol%

DV