Table 1 Estimates of degassed magma volume during the two unrest periods of 1988-93 and 2021-23, and quiescently between January 1994 - August 2021 and January 2023 - September 2024. The total volume of intrusive degassed magma over the period January 1978 - September 2024 is also reported. The mean flux during the distinguished periods with the standard deviation, the outgassed mass of SO2 and the fraction of magmatic origin of Sulphur is indicated. Uncertainty in the inverted volumes depends on the method employed to record the bulk SO2 flux in the studied period.

From: Multiple magma recharges over prolonged period ultimately trigger eruptions at Vulcano, Aeolian Islands

Period

Sub-period

Activity

Mean SO2flux (t/d)

Standard deviation

SO2mass (ton × 104)

Magmatic correction (%)

Volume min and max

(m3 × 106)

Error on volume

(± m3 × 106)

1988–1993

May 1, 1988

Unrest

81

62

8.7

80

13.7

1.8–3.2

 

Dec 31, 1991

     

45.9

6.0–11

 

Jan 1, 1992

Unrest

73

39

2.7

50

4.2

0.55–0.97

 

Dec 31, 1993

     

14.1

1.8–3.2

2021–2024

Sep 13, 2021

Unrest

104

38

1

80

1.6

0.35–0.57

 

Dec 31, 2021

     

5.3

1.2–1.9

 

Jan 1, 2022

Unrest

74

37

1.3

50

2.1

0.47–0.77

 

Dec 31, 2022

     

7.1

1.6–2.6

 

Jan 1, 2023

Unrest/Quiescent

34

14

0.22

10

0.35

0.076-0.12

 

Sep 30, 2024

     

1.2

0.25-0.42

1994–Aug 2021

 

Quiescent

22

14

2.2

10

3.4

0.89-1.5

       

11.4

3.0-4.9

Total Volume (min and max; m3 × 106)

 

Error on volume (± m3 × 106)

     

1988–1993

17.9–60.0

 

2.4-4.2; 7.8–14.2

     

Sep 13 , 2021

        

Sep 30, 2024

4.1–13.6

 

0.9–1.5; 3.0–4.9

     

Jan 01, 1978

        

Sep 30, 2024

26.0–86.0

 

6.7–11; 22–37

     
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