Fig. 5

Panel 1: Behavioral evaluations were conducted to assess motor function and anxiety-like behavior in animals. Motor function was assessed using the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) and Open Field tests (A, B), while anxiety-like behavior was measured by analyzing the time spent by animals on the open and closed arms of the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) (C). The results are presented as the mean ± SEM. The following symbols indicate statistical significance: P < 0.05 between NSCs vs. TBI and Nano-SDF + NSCs vs. TBI groups on day 1 (#). P < 0.05 between Nano-SDF + NSCs vs. TBI, NSCs vs. TBI + PBS, and NSCs vs. TBI + PBS on day 8 (#). P < 0.05 between NSCs vs. TBI, NSCs vs. TBI + PBS, Nano-SDF vs. TBI, Nano-SDF vs. TBI + PBS, and Nano-SDF + NSCs vs. TBI on day 15 (ʘ). P < 0.05 between NSCs vs. TBI, Nano-SDF vs. TBI, and Nano-SDF vs. TBI + PBS on day 22 (Ϫ). P < 0.05 between NSCs vs. TBI, Nano-SDF vs. TBI, Nano-SDF vs. TBI + PBS, and Nano-SDF + NSCs vs. TBI on day 29 (*). Panel 2: Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was conducted to assess the mRNA expression levels of SOX2, nestin, and DCX as markers of neurogenesis (A, B, C), and IL-1ß, IFN-γ, and TNF-alpha as markers of neuroinflammation (D, E, F). The results are presented as the mean ± SEM.