Fig. 10

The effects of caffeine on the T. formosanum-dependent autophagy and mitochondrial membrane potential in HeLa cells. HeLa cells were treated with 7 mg/mL T. formosanum for 16 h alone or in the presence of pretreated with indicated amounts of caffeine for 2 h. Collected cells were subject to the flowcytometry analysis for (A and B) autophagy and (C) mitochondrial membrane potential with AO and JC-1 dyes, respectively. The results are representative of three independent experiments. #p > 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test). (D) These cell lysates were subjected to western blot analysis using antibodies against the indicated proteins, with ACTN as the protein loading control. M, kDa: the molecular weight of protein.