Fig. 3

Spatial distribution of changes in SHF during daytime and nighttime under the influence of LULCC in six representative cities. Daytime refers to 08:00–19:00 local time (a), and nighttime refers to 20:00–07:00 local time the next day (b). The average values in the figure represent the average change in SHF in the UEA regions during these time periods. The gray-bordered grids are used to mark the UEA regions of the representative cities.