Fig. 1

This figure shows clinical measurement scores across the four combined motor and olfactory subtypes: PIGD TA, PIGD NA, TDPD TA, and TDPD NA. Panels display (A) M-UPDRS total, (B) M-UPDRS part III, (C) MoCA, and (D) PDQ-39 SI scores. One-way ANOVA was used for M-UPDRS part III analysis, while the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to other scores. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval for the median. Clinical severity, as measured by M-UPDRS total scores, followed the order of PIGD TA, PIGD NA, TDPD TA, and TDPD NA. MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; M-UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; NA, Non-anosmia; PDQ-39 SI, 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire Summary index; PIGD, postural instability and gait disturbance; TA, total-anosmia; TDPD, Tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease;