Table 7 Comparison of performance and emission characteristics with the literature.
References | Bio-lubricants | Observations |
|---|---|---|
Bekal and Bhat14 | Pongamia oil | The increase in friction power was by 2.63% by using Pongamia oil as a lubricant The reduction in BSEC was 4.2% and the increase in BTE was found to be 4.29%. at medium load conditions At high loading conditions, an increase in BTE was found to be 1.29% |
Kumar and Dinesha15 | Gingelly oil | Esterified gingelly oil had the highest BTE and lowest BSFC when compared with neat gingelly and mineral oil. An increase in BTE was found to be 2.49% by using esterified gingelly oil as compared with mineral oil. At full load condition, reduction in NOx and CO emissions were found to be 11.25 and 77.27% respectively. |
Sarma et al.22 | Racer-4 lubricant + Cu nanoparticles | Nano lubricants dispersed with nano Cu in 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% mass fractions produced the improved BTE. When 0.05% Cu nano is added to the Racer-4 lubricant, the brake thermal efficiency increases by 4–5%. With the addition of 0.05% Cu to the lubricant, the reduction in HC, CO2, and NOx emissions was found to be 8.04%, 16.14 and 60.56% respectively. |
Present study | Epoxidized jatropha + MWCNT | The reduction in friction power was by 39.13% as compared to SAE 20W40. The increase in BTE for EJA + 2 wt% MWCNT is 6.49% as compared to SAE 20W40. Engine experiments showed that the reduction in HC, CO, and smoke emission levels for EJA + 2 wt% MWCNT were 36.66%, 38.5%, and 35% respectively as compared to SAE 20W40. |
