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Figure 1

From: Damage due to ice crystallization

Figure 1The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Snapshots of key moments in the freezing process of 4 mL of confined water at an ambient temperature of \(-30\) \(^\circ\)C. Red arrow indicates the location where bulk crystallization initiates, at the contact line of the concave meniscus (a) Example of two-step crystallization after sufficient supercooling of the liquid. (b) Detailed chronology of the dendritic crystallization occurring after 1380 seconds in panel a, recorded at a frame rate of 2000 fps. From this sequence of images we obtain a dendritic crystallization velocity of \(\sim 15\) cm/s, comparable to literature values19,20.

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