Table 3 Influencing factors of acute post-operative pain.

From: The effect of peri-operative pain neuroscience education on pain and recovery in adult patients receiving laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair

Influencing factors

12 h post-operatively

24 h post-operatively

Moderate-to-severe pain (n = 58)

Non-moderate-to-severe pain (n = 126)

p value

Moderate-to-severe pain (n = 43)

Non-moderate-to-severe pain (n = 141)

p value

Age ≥ 65 years

  

< 0.001

  

0.089

 Yes

13

65

 

14

64

 

 No

45

61

 

29

77

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)—Mean ± SD

22.3 ± 4.0

22.6 ± 3.9

0.273

23.0 ± 5.7

22.6 ± 4.8

0.210

Pre-operative moderate-to-severe pain at surgical site—n (%)a

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Yes

40 (69.0)

37 (29.4)

 

27 (62.8)

50 (35.5)

 

 No

18 (31.0)

89 (70.6)

 

16 (37.2)

91 (64.5)

 

Chronic pain at surgical siteb—n (%)

  

0.140

  

0.663

 Yes

41 (70.7)

88 (69.4)

 

29 (67.4)

100 (70.9)

 

 No

17 (29.3)

38 (30.6)

 

14 (22.6)

41 (29.1)

 

Current smoker—n (%)

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Yes

43 (74.1)

38 (30.2)

 

29 (67.4)

52 (36.9)

 

 No

15 (25.9)

88 (69.8)

 

14 (32.6)

89 (63.1)

 

ASA grading ≥ 3

  

0.107

  

0.905

 Yes

27 (46.6)

43 (34.1)

 

19 (44.2)

57 (40.4)

 

 No

31 (53.4)

83 (65.9)

 

24 (55.8)

84 (59.6)

 

Pre-operative anxiety—Anxiety subscore of HADS ≥ 8

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Yes

45 (77.6)

24 (19.0)

 

37 (86.0)

40 (28.4)

 

 No

13 (22.4)

102 (81.0)

 

6 (14.0)

101 (71.6)

 

Pre-operative depression—Anxiety subscore of depression ≥ 8

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Yes

44 (75.9)

26 (20.6)

 

30 (69.8)

28 (19.6)

 

 No

14 (24.1)

100 (79.4)

 

13 (30.2)

113 (80.4)

 

Higher education level (year ≥ 9 years)

  

0.002

  

0.031

 Yes

20 (34.5)

76 (60.3)

 

16 (37.2)

79 (56.0)

 

 No

38 (65.5)

50 (39.7)

 

27 (62.8)

62 (44.0)

 

Bilateral surgery

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Yes

40 (69.0)

25 (19.8)

 

29 (67.4)

36 (25.5)

 

 No

18 (31.0)

101 (80.2)

 

14 (32.6)

105 (74.5)

 

Transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty (TAPP)

  

0.002

  

0.165

 Yes

34 (58.6)

97 (77.0)

 

27 (62.8)

104 (73.8)

 

 No

28 (41.4)

29 (23.0)

 

16 (37.2)

37 (26.2)

 

Duration of surgery (min)—Mean ± SD

90.4 ± 18.4

89.4 ± 20.1

0.321

91.8 ± 18.6

89.10 ± 16.9

0.229

  1. Significant statistical difference was found between two groups, p < 0.05.
  2. aVisual analogue scale was used for evaluation of preoperative moderate-to-severe pain (VAS ≥ 4 in motion).
  3. bpre-operative chronic pain at surgical site was defined as chronic pain at surgical site of more than 3 months.
Back to article page