Table 1 Demographics of participants.
From: Cesarean delivery on child health and development in Japanese nationwide birth cohort
Mode of delivery | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Vaginal delivery | Cesarean section | All | |
(n = 1,351) | (n = 763) | (N = 2,114) | |
Gestational weeka | 39 (38–40) | 37 (36–38) | 38 (37–40) |
Preterm birth | 119 (8.8%) | 196 (25.7%) | 315 (14.9%) |
Birth weight (g) a | 2,988 (2,710-3,240) | 2,670 (2,255-3,005) | 2,891.5 (2,546-3,168) |
Low birth weight < 2500 g | 192 (14.2%) | 279 (36.6%) | 471 (22.3%) |
Small for gestational age | 50 (3.7%) | 71 (9.3%) | 121 (5.7%) |
Multiple births | 20 (1.5%) | 129 (16.9%) | 149 (7.0%) |
Neonatal asphyxia | |||
No | 1,317 (98.1%) | 717 (94.6%) | 2,034 (96.8%) |
Mild neonatal asphyxia | 24 (1.8%) | 35 (4.6%) | 59 (2.8%) |
Severe neonatal asphyxia | 2 (0.1%) | 6 (0.8%) | 8 (0.4%) |
Maternal transfer | |||
No | 1,174 (86.9%) | 610 (79.9%) | 1,784 (84.4%) |
Yes (emergent) | 61 (4.5%) | 73 (9.6%) | 134 (6.3%) |
Yes (non-urgent) | 116 (8.6%) | 80 (10.5%) | 196 (9.3%) |
Parity | |||
Primipara | 755 (56.3%) | 357 (47.0%) | 1,112 (53.0%) |
Multipara | 585 (43.7%) | 403 (53.0%) | 988 (47.0%) |
Maternal underlying conditions | 385 (28.5%) | 275 (36.0%) | 660 (31.2%) |
in-vitro fertilization | 52 (3.8%) | 64 (8.4%) | 116 (5.5%) |
Position | |||
Cephalic presentation | 1,347 (99.7%) | 608 (79.7%) | 1,955 (92.5%) |
Breech presentation or others | 4 (0.3%) | 155 (20.3%) | 159 (7.5%) |
Pregnancy complications | 733 (54.3%) | 497 (65.1%) | 1,230 (58.2%) |
Prenatal fetal anomalies | 87 (6.4%) | 76 (10.0%) | 163 (7.7%) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 50 (5.0%) | 31 (5.3%) | 81 (5.1%) |
Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy | 49 (5.0%) | 12 (2.1%) | 61 (3.9%) |
Maternal age at delivery | |||
<30 | 454 (33.6%) | 180 (23.6%) | 634 (30.0%) |
30 ~ 34 | 476 (35.2%) | 274 (35.9%) | 750 (35.5%) |
35~ | 421 (31.2%) | 309 (40.5%) | 730 (34.5%) |
Paternal age at delivery | |||
<30 | 337 (25.5%) | 136 (18.3%) | 473 (22.9%) |
30 ~ 34 | 410 (31.1%) | 215 (28.9%) | 625 (30.3%) |
35~ | 572 (43.4%) | 392 (52.8%) | 964 (46.8%) |
Maternal education attainment | |||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 368 (31.3%) | 197 (29.4%) | 565 (30.6%) |
Vocational school/junior college graduate | 495 (42.1%) | 296 (44.2%) | 791 (42.8%) |
High school graduate or below | 314 (26.7%) | 177 (26.4%) | 491 (26.6%) |
Paternal education attainment | |||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 623 (53.8%) | 347 (52.7%) | 970 (53.4%) |
Vocational school/junior college graduate | 185 (16.0%) | 104 (15.8%) | 289 (15.9%) |
High school graduate or below | 350 (30.2%) | 208 (31.6%) | 558 (30.7%) |
Place of residence at birth | |||
Special ward or designated city | 615 (45.5%) | 293 (38.4%) | 908 (43.0%) |
City | 661 (48.9%) | 420 (55.0%) | 1,081 (51.1%) |
Town or village | 75 (5.6%) | 50 (6.6%) | 125 (5.9%) |
