Table 2 Cesarean Delivery Effects on Child Outcomes

From: Cesarean delivery on child health and development in Japanese nationwide birth cohort

 

Cesarean delivery

Vaginal delivery

Crude model

Adjusted model

Multiple imputation adjusted modela

E-value

n/N (%)

n/N (%)

RR

95%CI

E-value

aRR

95%CI

E-value

aRR

95%CI

Health outcomes

Hospitalization for any reason

186/698 (26.7%)

267/1,231 (21.7%)

1.23

1.04

1.45

1.76

1.25

0.997

1.56

1.81

1.19

0.99

1.43

1.67

Hospitalization for respiratory infection

77/698 (11.0%)

116/1,231 (9.4%)

1.17

0.89

1.54

1.62

1.29

0.89

1.89

1.90

1.18

0.86

1.61

1.64

Hospitalization for gastrointestinal disease

23/698 (3.3%)

34/1,197 (2.8%)

1.19

0.71

2.01

1.67

1.13

0.56

2.31

1.51

1.32

0.71

2.48

1.97

Overweight or obesity at 5.5 years of age

50/506 (9.9%)

83/906 (9.2%)

1.08

0.77

1.51

1.37

1.05

0.68

1.62

1.28

1.00

0.69

1.45

1.00

Overweight or obesity at 9 years of age

56/450 (12.4%)

94/783 (12.0%)

1.04

0.76

1.41

1.24

0.83

0.52

1.32

1.70

0.86

0.60

1.25

1.60

Developmental outcomes

Motor milestones not attained by the expected time (2.5 years)

43/641 (6.7%)

51/1,140 (4.5%)

1.50

1.01

2.22

2.37

0.86

0.50

1.48

1.60

1.14

0.72

1.80

1.54

Language milestones not attained by the expected time (2.5 years)

122/639 (19.1%)

172/1,140 (15.1%)

1.27

1.02

1.56

1.86

0.97

0.71

1.33

1.21

1.11

0.87

1.41

1.46

Cognitive milestones not attained by the expected time (5.5 years)

47/558 (8.4%)

81/998 (8.1%)

1.04

0.74

1.46

1.24

1.03

0.62

1.70

1.21

0.90

0.60

1.36

1.46

Social-emotional milestones not attained by the expected time (5.5 years)

84/557 (15.1%)

146/997 (14.6%)

1.03

0.80

1.32

1.21

0.90

0.66

1.24

1.46

0.98

0.74

1.29

1.16

Self-regulation problem (5.5 years)

73/557 (13.1%)

126/996 (12.7%)

1.04

0.79

1.36

1.24

1.02

0.73

1.43

1.16

0.99

0.73

1.33

1.11

Attention problem (8 years)

172/479 (35.9%)

328/870 (37.7%)

0.95

0.82

1.10

1.29

0.84

0.69

1.03

1.67

0.90

0.76

1.07

1.46

Adaptive problem (8 years)

186/470 (39.6%)

264/870 (33.2%)

1.30

1.12

1.52

1.92

1.27

1.04

1.55

1.86

1.27

1.08

1.50

1.86

Conduct problem (8 years)

166/475 (35.0%)

284/871 (32.6%)

1.07

0.92

1.25

1.34

1.03

0.84

1.27

1.21

1.04

0.87

1.24

1.24

  1. RR: risk ratio, aRR: adjusted risk ratio, CI: confidence interval
  2. aAdjusted for maternal age at delivery, multiple births, multiparity, fetal presentation, presence of fetal anomalies, maternal transport, pre-existing maternal medical conditions, pregnancy complications, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, maternal education attainment, paternal age at delivery, paternal education attainment, and place of residence at birth. In the obesity outcome model, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (continuous) was also added as an adjustment variable.
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