Fig. 3

Model root mean squared error (RMSE) from tenfold cross validation (top) and deviance explained by each model (bottom) across 5 imputed dataset fit estimates. Black circles show model-specific mean RMSE and explained deviance, calculated across imputed datasets. Legend: GLM RI, Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with random intercepts; GLM RS, GLMM with random intercepts and slopes; GAM RI, Generalised Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) with random intercepts; GAM RS, GAMM with random intercepts and slopes; LM, pooled OLS model.