Table 1 Presentation of tillage practices and fertilizer application design.

Farming methods	Fertilizer treatment	nitrogenous fertilizer	slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
R	CK	0 kg hm⁻² urea	0 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	U	300 kg hm⁻² urea	0 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	S	0 kg hm⁻² urea	530.7 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	UNS1	60 kg hm⁻² urea	424.6 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	UNS2	90 kg hm⁻² urea	371.5 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	UNS3	120 kg hm⁻² urea	318.4 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
R + S	CK	0 kg hm⁻² urea	0 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	U	300 kg hm⁻² urea	0 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	S	0 kg hm⁻² urea	530.7 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	UNS1	60 kg hm⁻² urea	424.6 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	UNS2	90 kg hm⁻² urea	371.5 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
	UNS3	120 kg hm⁻² urea	318.4 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer

R stands for rotary tillage; R + S means rotary tillage + subsoiling; CK means no fertilization; U means 100% nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 300 kg hm⁻² urea; S indicates 100% application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 530.7 kg hm⁻²; UNS indicates the combined application of urea and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, which is divided into three ratios: (1) the ratio of urea to slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is 2:8, i.e., 60 kg hm⁻² urea and 424.6 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, (2) the ratio of urea to slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is 3:7, i.e., 90 kg hm⁻² urea and 371.5 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, and (3) the ratio of urea to slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is 4:6, i.e., 120 kg hm⁻² urea and 318.4 kg hm⁻² slow-release nitrogen fertilizer.

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