Table 1 Initial statistical analysis of the database used in this study.

Parameter	Notation	Unit	Role	Min	Q₂₅	Q₅₀	Q₇₅	Max	Average	Standard deviation	Coefficient of variation (%)
Length	l	mm	Input	749.2	1194.7	1546.9	2146.8	3838	1718.2	730.38	42.51
Thickness	t	mm	Input	7.77	9.79	10.04	11.76	13.79	10.31	1.75	16.96
w/t ratio	w_t	–	Input	11.96	14.81	15.55	15.98	16.48	15.26	1.04	6.82
b/t ratio	b_t	–	Input	9.5	12	12.78	13.4	13.4	12.57	0.9	7.16
Yield strength	f_y	MPa	Input	442.1	448.8	459.4	460.7	542.4	457.23	20.19	4.42
Residual stress peak	σ_r	MPa	Input	35.93	35.93	43.75	53.86	105.77	47.47	15.01	31.62
Initial imperfection	v₁	mm	Input	0.38	1.42	1.78	2.3	4.3	1.93	0.74	38.27
Initial imperfection	v₂	mm	Input	0.32	0.84	1.02	1.34	2.84	1.16	0.47	41.06
Initial imperfection	v₃	mm	Input	0.18	1.42	1.78	2.38	8.82	2.01	1.19	59
Initial imperfection	v₄	mm	Input	0.4	0.8	1.12	1.52	2.72	1.18	0.48	40.77
Critical buckling load	N_u	kN	Output	529.1	876.1	1081.35	1491.4	2177.2	1141.8	415.51	36.39

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