Table 2 Comparative study with other similar works.

Synthesis Method

CNC used as a template, pyrolyzed at high temperatures

Hydrothermal method embedding SnO₂ in rice husk cellulose

Citrate gel method integrating carbon for enhanced conductivity

Hydrothermal synthesis ensures uniform SnO₂ nanoparticle dispersion on nanocellulose Cost-effective, eco-friendly, and compatible with renewable cellulose materials.

Structural Insights

Crystalline SnO₂ nanoflowers; high pyrolysis temperature causes partial CNC decomposition

Uniform distribution of SnO₂ on RHC with synergistic effects

Tetragonal SnO₂ structure with carbon for stable electrode performance

Unique amorphous structure and ultra-fine SnO nanoparticles on cellulose substrate, Offers insights into defect-related optical properties and a flexible substrate for SnO₂ deposition.

Optical Properties

Focused on structural properties

Primarily focused on LIB performance;

Blue-shift in UV-Vis spectra; PL peak at 384 nm indicates defect-related luminescence

for optoelectronic applications

Application area

Anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion battery anode with high capacity and cycling stability

Lithium-ion battery anode with enhanced conductivity and stability

Useful for Optoelectronics and photocatalysis, and gas sensing applications

Environmental Impact

Requires pyrolysis at high temperatures, increasing energy consumption

Utilizes agricultural waste (rice husk), aligning with sustainability

Incorporates synthetic carbon sources, less eco-friendly

Utilizes bio-derived nanocellulose for sustainability goals, eco-friendly approach with low energy requirements.

Material performance

High initial reversible capacity but limited structural flexibility

High capacity and cycling performance for LIBs

Superior LIB capacity and cycling stability due to carbon enhancement

Enhanced optical and structural properties due to defect engineering Balanced performance in optical and structural properties, supporting multifunctional applications