Fig. 1

Occurrence Location Filtering. A Geographic Space: Filtering of Desmodus rotundus occurrence locations from 1900-2023⁶⁰ in geographic space. Occurrence locations were resampled to one per pixel (2.5 arc-minute or ~ 5 km resolution) of the study area to reduce the overrepresentation of certain environmental conditions. B Environmental Space: Values of background environmental variables averaged from years 1970–2000 were extracted from the location of geographically filtered occurrence locations. These data were then used to create an environmental space⁶⁴ where we calculated the distance between occurrence locations using Mahalanobis distance. Using a chi-squared test, we identified environmental outliers via drawing an ellipsoid, where occurrence location which fell outside the ellipsoid (n = 269 or 4.6% of the occurrence locations) were excluded from final occurrence locations used for our modeling effort. Created in BioRender. Van de Vuurst, P. (2025) https://BioRender.com/z34g286.