Fig. 4

First model, a horizontal cylinder, in case of noise-free conditions. Panel (a) exhibits the observed gravity anomaly profile (illustrated by black circles) alongside the computed optimal gravity response (depicted by red circles) employing the MBA algorithm technique. Panel (b) demonstrates the SHG anomalies using varying ‘s’ window values. Panel (c) depicts the NRMSE of the global optimum solution (FObj) of the bats relative to the number of iterations. Panel (d) shows the average NRMSE of all the bats.