Table 6 Comparison of the proposed sensor with existing studies in the literature.

From: Machine learning optimized design of THz piezoelectric perovskite-based biosensor for the detection of formalin in aqueous environments

 

S(GHz/RIU)

DA

Q

Materials

Application

46

344RIU− 1

3.34

166.99

AgCl, Bp

Formalin detection

29

20,400 GHzRIU− 1

19.607

9.372

Graphene and Au

Alcohol detection

47

155.33° RIU− 1

0.62973

21

ZnO-Ag-PtSe2-Graphene

Formalin

detection

48

508 GHzRIU− 1

22.22

5.089

Graphene

Proteins

49

33.98− 1° RIU− 1

0.2987

2.78019

Graphene Coating

pseudomonas-like bacteria

detection

50

200GHzRIU− 1

18.5

9.09

Graphene and Au

THz sensing

51

98.00° RIU− 1

0.8889

88.8889

Ag, Graphene

Detection of Formalin

52

1773 GHzRIU− 1

30.303

21.727

Ag, Au and graphene

Fuel adulteration

53

250.2° RIU− 1

-

-

InP and Bp

Detection of Formalin

54

3500nmRIU− 1

5

18.292

Au, Ag and graphene

Hemoglobin

55

0.186 Abs (mg/L)−1

-

-

α-Fe2O3/ITO bioelectrode

Detection of Formalin.

56

400GHzRIU− 1

2.041

1.554

Mxene and graphene

Gas sensing

Proposed sensor

444GHzRIU− 1

7.576

5.970

Au, Bp, BaTiO3

Graphene

Detection of Formalin