Table 6 Grey prediction accuracy test level criteria.

From: Analysis and forecast of the coupled development level of socioeconomy ecological environment and tourism in China’s Yellow River Basin

Vintages

Original value

Projected value

Residual

Relative error (%)

Gradation deviation

2010

0.6225

0.622

0.000

0.00

2011

0.6390

0.662

 − 0.023

3.60

0.005

2012

0.6086

0.612

 − 0.004

0.59

 − 0.052

2013

0.5656

0.566

0.000

0.07

 − 0.018

2014

0.5104

0.523

 − 0.013

2.53

 − 0.138

2015

0.5004

0.484

0.017

3.32

0.018

2016

0.5081

0.469

0.039

7.74

0.104

2017

0.4677

0.451

0.016

3.52

0.062

2018

0.3775

0.382

 − 0.005

1.30

 − 0.094

2019

0.3088

0.352

 − 0.043

13.95

0.126

2020

0.2785

0.324

 − 0.046

16.53

 − 0.324

C = 0.1396

P = 0.800