Table 5 Performance indices of different controllers.

From: Frequency stability improvement in EV-integrated power systems using optimized fuzzy-sliding mode control and real-time validation

Controllers

\(\Delta f_{1}\)

\(\Delta f_{2}\)

\(\Delta f_{3}\)

\(u_{s} \times 10^{ - 3}\)

in Hz

\(o_{s} \times 10^{ - 3}\)

in Hz

\(t_{s}\) in sec

\(u_{s} \times 10^{ - 3}\)

in Hz

\(o_{s} \times 10^{ - 3}\)

in Hz

\(t_{s}\) in sec

\(u_{s} \times 10^{ - 3}\)

in Hz

\(o_{s} \times 10^{ - 3}\)

in Hz

\(t_{s}\) in sec

GOA-FSMC

− 0.8616

0.0595

4.46

− 0.2873

0.0572

0.14

− 0.2906

0.0571

0.14

MGOA-FSMC

− 0.2210

0.0225

0.423

− 0.0616

0.0225

7.90

− 0.0615

0.0225

7.90

GOA-SMC

− 2.1529

0.6204

0.08

− 1.7122

0.4969

12.23

− 1.5653

0.4046

12.22

MGOA-SMC

− 1.0137

0.4684

7.81

− 0.4299

0.1124

7.90

− 0.4958

0.1124

7.90

GOA-FPID

− 3.8053

1.7832

12.13

− 2.7884

1.7566

12.23

− 2.5676

1.8108

12.22

MGOA-FPID

− 2.6367

1.2542

7.81

− 2.0910

1.2563

7.90

− 1.8156

1.2245

7.90

GOA-PID

− 3.7588

2.7272

3.72

− 3.6894

2.4014

3.36

− 3.9092

2.8893

3.94

MGOA-PID

− 3.4846

2.2785

3.25

− 3.3349

2.2375

3.30

− 3.5036

2.3072

3.40