Table 2 Associations of Cachexia and Frailty Status with the Risk of Developing ALS

From: Associations of cachexia and frailty with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

 

HRi (95% CIj)a

HRi (95% CIj)b

Sex

HRi (95% CIj)c

Income (£)

HRi (95% CIj)d

BMI k

HRi (95% CIj)e

Smoking

HRi (95% CIj)f

All Adjustments

Cachexia

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

5.17 (2.76–9.71)

5.04 (2.69–9.47)

5.01 (2.58–9.73)

4.83 (2.49–9.38)

5.11 (2.73–9.61)

4.85 (2.50–9.41)

Frailty

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

6.30 (3.24–12.27)

6.26 (3.22–12.18)

6.11 (3.02–12.29)

6.57 (3.37–12.80)

6.21 (3.19–12.09)

6.42 (3.29–12.53)

Frailty Status

Other g

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Decreased Activity and Body Massh

1.01 (0.86–1.2)

1.2 (0.99–1.4)

1.03 (0.86–1.22)

1.01 (0.85–1.19)

1.02 (0.86–1.20)

1.16 (0.97–1.39)

Grip Strength (kg)

≥ 22

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

< 21

0.96 (0.81–1.15)

1.41 (1.12–1.76)

0.96 (0.79–1.15)

0.93 (0.77–1.11)

0.97 (0.81–1.16)

1.28 (1.02–1.61)

Walking Speed

Other

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Slow Pace

1.29 (0.99–1.70)

1.31 (0.99–1.72)

1.34 (1.02–1.76)

1.31 (0.98–1.75)

1.28 (0.98–1.68)

1.37 (1.02–1.83)

Weight Loss

Other

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Weight Loss

0.99 (0.78–1.25)

0.99 (0.79–1.26)

0.96 (0.76–1.23)

0.95 (0.75–1.21)

0.98 (0.78–1.25)

0.94 (0.73–1.19)

Exhaustion

Other

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

More than half the days or nearly every day

4.17 (2.66–6.53)

4.36 (2.78–6.84)

4.28 (2.72–6.73)

4.49 (2.86–7.08)

4.22 (2.69–6.62)

4.89 (3.08–7.75)

Physical Activity Status

Active

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

No-Low Activity

1.08 (0.90–1.29)

1.11 (0.92–1.33)

1.09 (0.91–1.30)

1.08 (0.90–1.29)

1.08 (0.89–1.29)

1.12 (0.93–1.35)

  1. aAdjusted for age
  2. bAdjusted for age and sex
  3. cAdjusted for age and income (£)
  4. dAdjusted for age and BMI k
  5. eAdjusted for age and smoking
  6. fAdjusted for age, sex, income (£), BMI k, UK Biobank centers and smoking status
  7. gOther walking speed, other weight loss, other exhaustion, grip strength ≥ 22 kg, and active status
  8. hSlow walking pace, weight loss, more than half the days or nearly every day, grip strength < 21 kg, and no-low activity status
  9. iHazard Ratio
  10. jConfidence Interval
  11. kBody Mass Index
  12. iKilogram
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