Table 3 Changing rates (%) in the landscape indices at the class level from 2000 to 2020.

From: Coupling effect of landscape patterns on the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem services: a case study in Harbin City, Northeast China

Landscape indices

Agricultural land

Woodland

Grassland

2000–2010

2010–2020

2000–2010

2010–2020

2000–2010

2010–2020

Area-edge

PLAND

−0.65

−4.24

−0.83

1.78

7.39

−5.36

 

ED

−2.39

−2.30

3.54

−4.03

3.56

−5.62

 

LPI

−0.50

−5.46

−3.17

6.28

21.43

6.61

 

TE

−2.36

−2.32

3.57

−4.05

3.59

−5.64

Shape

LSI

−1.94

−0.17

3.97

−4.88

−0.03

−3.03

 

PAFRAC

0.18

0.28

−0.07

−0.20

0.25

0.01

Aggregation

AI

0.04

−0.05

−0.22

0.30

1.05

0.09

 

IJI

−3.75

1.56

−3.91

−1.33

−6.49

−4.03

Subdivision

NP

−12.90

−0.34

4.11

−11.41

−2.43

−5.80

 

PD

−12.89

−0.36

4.08

−11.39

−2.47

−5.78

 

SPLIT

0.78

9.87

3.08

−6.11

−27.07

2.57

 

DIVISION

0.09

1.01

0.06

−0.13

0.00

0.00