Table 4 Changing rate (%) in the landscape indices at the landscape level from 2000 to 2020.

From: Coupling effect of landscape patterns on the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem services: a case study in Harbin City, Northeast China

Landscape indices

2000–2010

2010–2020

2000–2020

Area-edge

ED

1.11

−1.96

−0.88

 

LPI

−0.50

−5.46

−5.94

 

TE

1.14

−1.99

−0.87

Shape

LSI

1.13

−1.96

−0.86

 

PAFRAC

−0.04

−0.54

−0.58

Aggregation

AI

−0.06

0.11

0.05

 

CONTAG

−0.45

−2.05

−2.48

 

IJI

−4.83

2.80

−2.17

Subdivision

NP

−2.59

−6.75

−9.16

 

PD

−2.62

−6.72

−9.17

 

SPLIT

1.18

6.61

7.87

 

DIVISION

0.16

0.87

1.03

Diversity

SHDI

0.98

4.77

5.80

 

SHEI

0.98

4.78

5.82