Table 1 Baseline participant characteristics according to MASLD.

From: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease increases cardiovascular disease risk in young adults

 

No steatosis

(n = 4,231,069)

MASLD

(n = 1,435,659)

P-value

Age, years

30.2 ± 5.0

32.7 ± 4.4

< 0.001

Male

1,934,136 (45.7)

1,298,656 (90.5)

< 0.001

Income†, lowest quartile (%)

993,757 (23.4)

231,649 (16.1)

< 0.001

Smoking (%)

  

< 0.001

Non-smoker

2,840,090 (67.1)

477,997 (33.3)

 

Ex-smoker

345,314 (8.2)

207,702 (14.5)

 

Current smoker

1,045,665 (24.7)

749,960 (52.2)

 

Alcohol consumption (%)

  

< 0.001

None

1,942,180 (45.9)

425,075 (29.6)

 

Mild¶

2,288,889 (54.1)

1,010,584 (70.4)

 

Regular exercise (%)

516,905 (12.2)

194,193 (13.5)

< 0.001

Diabetes (%)

36,460 (0.9)

63,299 (4.4)

< 0.001

Hypertension (%)

136,183 (3.2)

235,168 (16.4)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia (%)

133,343 (3.2)

228,569 (15.9)

< 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

21.5 ± 2.5

27.0 ± 3.1

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

114.5 ± 12.0

125.2 ± 12.8

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

71.6 ± 8.6

78.7 ± 9.4

< 0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

88.7 ± 12.7

96.0 ± 22.6

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

177.3 ± 30.1

203.6 ± 35.6

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

59.7 ± 20.7

49.8 ± 24.0

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

101.2 ± 31.2

116.1 ± 39.9

< 0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL) *

76.2 (76.1–76.2)

174.9 (174.8-175.1)

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

96.9 ± 47.9

93.8 ± 53.6

< 0.001

  1. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
  2. MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
  3. †Proxy for socioeconomic status based on the insurance premium of the National Health Insurance Service.
  4. ¶ <30 g for men and < 20 g for women per day.
  5. *Geometric means (95% confidence interval).
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