Fig. 5

Associations between wall shear stress (WSS) and subsequent arteriovenous fistula lumen remodeling according to fistula location. Plotted are the predicted remodeling presented as lumen cross-sectional area ratio of Week-6 area to Day-1 area on y axis and corresponding WSS at Day 1 in the Day 1 to Week 6 period on x axis for vein (A and C) and artery (B and D). The 5^th, 10^th, 25^th, 50^th, 75^th, 90^th, and 95^th percentiles of WSS are labeled in each panel. The prediction is the result of a linear regression model after logarithmic transformations of WSS and cross-sectional area ratios, adjusting for vein or artery diameter at Day 1, baseline age, sex, race, diabetes, dialysis history, clinical center, preoperative artery and vein diameters, arteriovenous fistula location (forearm versus upper arm), flow-mediated dilation, and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation. Associations between WSS and lumen remodeling were not different between forearm and upper-arm AVFs for both vein and artery.