Fig. 1

Map of sampling localities and geographical distribution of identified species in tropical coral reefs (red) and non-reefal coral communities (green). Acropora cf. solitaryensis is predominantly found in non-reefal coral communities, specifically in northern Taiwan, Kochi Prefecture in Japan, and Solitary Island in Australia. Notably, it is also found in the tropical reef of Okinawa52. Conversely, A. aff. divaricata is located in tropical coral reef environments in southern Taiwan (Lyudao and Kenting) and Okinawa52, and non-reefal coral communities in Otuski (Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku).