Fig. 4

(A) Time–frequency responses (lower frequency range, 4–30 Hz) associated with Prior Uncertainty (PU) and Surprisal (SU). Left column: Time–frequency representations of regression coefficients between EEG amplitudes and model latent variables, averaged over all significant channels obtained via permutation testing. Significant clusters at the group-level are highlighted and numbered. Data are shown separately for the audio-visual (AV) and auditory (A) conditions, as well as for PU and SU variables. Right column: Topography plots of each significant cluster, as numbered on the left side. Significant channels of the clusters are marked with asterisks. Behaviorally relevant clusters (see Fig. 6B) are highlighted via a purple square in the background. (B) Same as A, for higher frequency range (i.e. 40–100 Hz). Small clusters (< 2 datapoints) are not shown, unless they are behaviorally relevant.