Table 5 Contact parameters on the interface between pipe and DEM concrete.
From: Anchoring effect of NPR cables under dynamic conditions and its engineering applications
Detachable linear set | Bonding set | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effective modulus \({E}^{*}\) (GPa) | Stiffness ratio \({k}_{n}/{k}_{s}\) | Friction angle\({\varnothing}\) (\(^\circ\)) | Effective modulus \({\bar{E}}^{*}\) (GPa) | Stiffness ratio \({\bar{k}}_{n}/{\bar{k}}_{s}\) | Tension strength \({\bar{\sigma}}_{c}\) (MPa) | Cohesion \(\bar{c}\) (MPa) | Friction angle \(\bar{{\varnothing}}\) (\(^\circ\)) |
0.498 | 3.7 | 15 | 0.498 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 1.32 | 30 |
