Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of the study. In ’’GeMA bioink’’, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) are encapsulated in photocrosslinked GelMA. In ’’GeMA/Alg (−) bioink’’, BMSC are encapsulated in photocrosslinked GelMA and non-crosslinked alginate (sacrificial alginate). In ’’GeMA/Alg (+) bioink’’, BMSC are encapsulated in photocrosslinked GelMA and ionically crosslinked alginate.