Table 1 Characteristics of included patients according to the clusters of serum phosphate levels.

From: Change trends in serum phosphate levels predict in-hospital mortality in critically ill septic patients

 

Total

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Cluster 5

P value

SMD

N

8586

2881

1949

2495

462

799

  

Age (years)

66.81 (54.29, 78.59)

67.91 (55.52, 79.78)

67.44 (54.94, 78.81)

65.89 (52.48, 78.11)

63.53 (52.24, 74.83)

65.90 (53.87, 77.23)

< 0.001

0.106

BMI (kg/m2)

27.29 (23.49, 32.15)

26.87 (23.09, 31.31)

27.99 (23.97, 33.18)

27.06 (23.47, 31.90)

27.55 (23.80, 33.50)

27.65 (24.06, 32.41)

0.346

0.05

Male (%)

4767 (55.5)

1583 (54.9)

1065 (54.6)

1340 (53.7)

290 (62.8)

489 (61.2)

< 0.001

0.1

Body temperature (℃)

37.05 (36.50, 37.70)

37.13 (36.60, 37.75)

36.98 (36.47, 37.47)

37.15 (36.60, 37.80)

36.76 (36.21, 37.40)

37.00 (36.42, 37.67)

< 0.001

0.18

Ethnicity (%)

      

< 0.001

0.16

 Asian

214 (2.5)

84 (2.9)

33 (1.7)

60 (2.4)

9 (1.9)

28 (3.5)

  

 Black

839 (9.8)

207 (7.2)

201 (10.3)

258 (10.3)

71 (15.4)

102 (12.8)

  

 Other/unknown

1028 (12.0)

326 (11.3)

229 (11.7)

307 (12.3)

49 (10.6)

117 (14.6)

  

White

6505 (75.8)

2264 (78.6)

1486 (76.2)

1870 (74.9)

333 (72.1)

552 (69.1)

  

Admission type (%)

      

< 0.001

0.131

 Elective

684 (8.0)

261 (9.1)

170 (8.7)

190 (7.6)

15 (3.2)

48 (6.0)

  

 Emergency

7740 (90.1)

2580 (89.6)

1735 (89.0)

2250 (90.2)

440 (95.2)

735 (92.0)

  

 Urgent

162 (1.9)

40 (1.4)

44 (2.3)

55 (2.2)

7 (1.5)

16 (2.0)

  

Service unit (%)

      

< 0.001

0.208

 CCU

974 (11.3)

262 (9.1)

279 (14.3)

255 (10.2)

66 (14.3)

112 (14.0)

  

 CSRU

890 (10.4)

283 (9.8)

193 (9.9)

288 (11.5)

33 (7.1)

93 (11.6)

  

 MICU

4417 (51.4)

1424 (49.4)

955 (49.0)

1354 (54.3)

256 (55.4)

428 (53.6)

  

 SICU

1436 (16.7)

520 (18.0)

322 (16.5)

393 (15.8)

77 (16.7)

124 (15.5)

  

 TSICU

869 (10.1)

392 (13.6)

200 (10.3)

205 (8.2)

30 (6.5)

42 (5.3)

  

Laboratory tests

 pH

7.37 (7.32, 7.42)

7.38 (7.34, 7.42)

7.35 (7.30, 7.40)

7.39 (7.34, 7.44)

7.31 (7.25, 7.37)

7.36 (7.30, 7.41)

< 0.001

0.48

 SO2 (%)

97.00 (94.67, 98.00)

97.00 (95.00, 98.00)

96.73 (94.00, 98.00)

97.00 (94.50, 98.00)

96.00 (93.50, 98.00)

97.00 (95.00, 98.00)

< 0.001

0.102

 BE (mmol/L)

−1.00 (−4.00, 1.50)

−0.44 (−3.00, 1.50)

−1.50 (−5.00, 1.00)

−0.14 (−3.04, 2.50)

−5.00 (−8.75, −1.42)

−2.50 (−6.00, 0.66)

< 0.001

0.459

 Bicarbonate (mmol/L)

22.00 (18.00, 25.00)

22.00 (19.00, 25.00)

21.00 (17.00, 24.00)

22.00 (19.00, 25.00)

17.00 (14.00, 21.00)

20.00 (16.00, 23.50)

< 0.001

0.441

 Calcium (mmol/L)

1.11 (1.06, 1.16)

1.12 (1.07, 1.16)

1.11 (1.06, 1.16)

1.11 (1.07, 1.16)

1.09 (1.02, 1.15)

1.11 (1.05, 1.16)

0.018

0.087

 Potassium (mmol/L)

4.60 (4.10, 5.20)

4.40 (4.10, 4.90)

4.80 (4.40, 5.40)

4.40 (4.00, 4.90)

5.40 (4.70, 6.20)

4.90 (4.40, 5.60)

< 0.001

0.495

 Sodium (mmol/L)

140.00 (138.00, 143.00)

141.00 (138.00, 143.00)

140.00 (138.00, 143.00)

141.00 (138.00, 143.00)

140.00 (137.00, 143.00)

140.00 (136.00, 142.00)

< 0.001

0.12

 Chloride (mmol/L)

107.00 (103.00, 112.00)

108.00 (104.00, 112.00)

107.00 (102.00, 111.00)

108.00 (103.00, 112.00)

105.00 (100.00, 110.00)

106.00 (101.00, 110.00)

< 0.001

0.223

 Albumin (g/dL)

3.00 (2.50, 3.40)

3.00 (2.60, 3.50)

3.00 (2.50, 3.40)

2.90 (2.50, 3.40)

2.90 (2.50, 3.30)

2.90 (2.40, 3.30)

< 0.001

0.128

 Bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.70 (0.40, 1.40)

0.70 (0.40, 1.20)

0.70 (0.40, 1.50)

0.70 (0.40, 1.45)

0.80 (0.40, 1.87)

0.80 (0.40, 2.10)

< 0.001

0.185

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.30 (0.90, 2.30)

1.00 (0.80, 1.40)

1.70 (1.10, 2.70)

1.20 (0.80, 1.80)

4.30 (2.70, 6.70)

2.80 (1.70, 4.40)

< 0.001

0.895

 BUN (mg/dL)

28.00 (18.00, 47.00)

22.00 (15.00, 32.00)

36.00 (23.00, 57.00)

23.00 (16.00, 36.00)

68.00 (46.00, 100.75)

49.00 (32.50, 72.00)

< 0.001

0.856

 Blood glucose (mg/dL)

166.00 (131.00, 217.00)

161.00 (131.00, 205.00)

173.00 (135.00, 227.00)

163.00 (128.00, 212.00)

177.50 (132.00, 242.50)

172.00 (135.00, 226.00)

< 0.001

0.136

 Lactate (mmol/L)

2.30 (1.50, 3.80)

2.20 (1.50, 3.40)

2.40 (1.60, 4.10)

2.20 (1.50, 3.50)

3.00 (1.70, 6.27)

2.50 (1.60, 4.40)

< 0.001

0.279

 Platelet (×109/L)

179.00 (116.00, 255.00)

184.00 (125.00, 257.00)

187.00 (116.00, 267.00)

174.00 (116.00, 245.00)

171.00 (105.25, 263.00)

156.00 (84.50, 236.50)

< 0.001

0.111

 WBC (×109/L)

13.90 (9.80, 19.30)

13.70 (9.90, 18.60)

14.80 (10.40, 20.60)

13.30 (9.15, 18.50)

14.85 (10.60, 20.88)

13.90 (9.60, 20.00)

< 0.001

0.098

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

9.50 (8.30, 11.00)

9.90 (8.60, 11.40)

9.40 (8.20, 10.90)

9.60 (8.40, 10.90)

9.00 (7.90, 10.20)

8.90 (7.80, 10.30)

< 0.001

0.239

Severity scores

 SAPS II

42.00 (34.00, 52.00)

39.00 (31.00, 48.00)

45.00 (37.00, 55.00)

40.00 (31.00, 49.00)

52.00 (41.00, 62.00)

48.00 (39.00, 58.00)

< 0.001

0.475

 SIRS

3.00 (3.00, 4.00)

3.00 (3.00, 4.00)

3.00 (3.00, 4.00)

3.00 (3.00, 4.00)

3.00 (3.00, 4.00)

3.00 (3.00, 4.00)

0.503

0.038

 SOFA

6.00 (4.00, 8.00)

5.00 (3.00, 7.00)

6.00 (4.00, 9.00)

5.00 (4.00, 8.00)

9.00 (6.00, 11.00)

8.00 (5.00, 10.00)

< 0.001

0.579

 Positive cultivation (%)

3451 (40.2)

1075 (37.3)

831 (42.6)

1018 (40.8)

182 (39.4)

345 (43.2)

0.001

0.061

Comorbidities (%)

 CHF

2394 (27.9)

705 (24.5)

612 (31.4)

661 (26.5)

150 (32.5)

266 (33.3)

< 0.001

0.104

 CA

2310 (26.9)

784 (27.2)

549 (28.2)

636 (25.5)

129 (27.9)

212 (26.5)

0.336

0.03

 Hypertension

1501 (17.5)

272 (9.4)

396 (20.3)

389 (15.6)

158 (34.2)

286 (35.8)

< 0.001

0.353

 Paralysis

371 (4.3)

156 (5.4)

64 (3.3)

113 (4.5)

15 (3.2)

23 (2.9)

0.001

0.064

 COPD

2004 (23.3)

666 (23.1)

505 (25.9)

557 (22.3)

113 (24.5)

163 (20.4)

0.012

0.062

 Diabetes

2613 (30.4)

724 (25.1)

658 (33.8)

762 (30.5)

176 (38.1)

293 (36.7)

< 0.001

0.138

 Malignancy

809 (9.4)

309 (10.7)

186 (9.5)

202 (8.1)

43 (9.3)

69 (8.6)

0.022

0.042

 Anemia

2474 (28.8)

765 (26.6)

563 (28.9)

730 (29.3)

156 (33.8)

260 (32.5)

0.001

0.079

Hypothyroidism

1043 (12.1)

383 (13.3)

254 (13.0)

282 (11.3)

47 (10.2)

77 (9.6)

0.011

0.064

 CKD

1840 (21.4)

316 (11.0)

499 (25.6)

476 (19.1)

201 (43.5)

348 (43.6)

< 0.001

0.42

 CLD

824 (9.6)

208 (7.2)

214 (11.0)

231 (9.3)

64 (13.9)

107 (13.4)

< 0.001

0.113

 Peptic ulcer

9 (0.1)

1 (0.0)

2 (0.1)

6 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.133

0.04

 AIDS

56 (0.7)

14 (0.5)

10 (0.5)

22 (0.9)

6 (1.3)

4 (0.5)

0.131

0.044

 Weight loss

646 (7.5)

208 (7.2)

143 (7.3)

197 (7.9)

27 (5.8)

71 (8.9)

0.289

0.052

 Drug abuse

326 (3.8)

99 (3.4)

82 (4.2)

97 (3.9)

22 (4.8)

26 (3.3)

0.433

0.039

 Alcohol abuse

694 (8.1)

247 (8.6)

148 (7.6)

205 (8.2)

32 (6.9)

62 (7.8)

0.633

0.029

 Psychoses

401 (4.7)

135 (4.7)

83 (4.3)

141 (5.7)

18 (3.9)

24 (3.0)

0.019

0.06

Interventions

 RRT (1st 24 h) (%)

132 (1.5)

11 (0.4)

53 (2.7)

15 (0.6)

40 (8.7)

13 (1.6)

< 0.001

0.206

 MV (1st 24 h) (%)

5710 (66.5)

1908 (66.2)

1367 (70.1)

1616 (64.8)

300 (64.9)

519 (65.0)

0.003

0.051

 Vasopressor (1st 24 h) (%)

3742 (43.6)

1136 (39.4)

957 (49.1)

1015 (40.7)

262 (56.7)

372 (46.6)

< 0.001

0.174

 Vasopressor duration (hours)

62.50 (18.50, 172.00)

53.25 (16.83, 140.40)

65.20 (19.33, 185.50)

59.75 (17.26, 163.18)

84.75 (25.60, 226.02)

88.00 (29.62, 253.29)

< 0.001

0.102

 Phosphate1 (mg/dL)

3.70 (2.80, 4.80)

3.60 (3.10, 4.00)

5.20 (4.70, 5.90)

2.40 (1.80, 3.10)

8.20 (7.50, 9.40)

4.20 (3.40, 5.00)

< 0.001

2.423

 Phosphate2 (mg/dL)

3.10 (2.30, 4.30)

2.10 (1.80, 2.50)

3.00 (2.40, 3.60)

3.90 (3.40, 4.60)

4.30 (3.40, 5.40)

6.70 (5.90, 7.80)

< 0.001

1.901

 Mean serum phosphate level

3.38 (2.80, 4.21)

2.84 (2.47, 3.14)

4.03 (3.65, 4.53)

3.22 (2.70, 3.75)

6.14 (5.49, 6.96)

5.34 (4.82, 6.10)

< 0.001

2.007

 Phosphate change (mg/dL)

−0.80 (−1.90, 1.20)

−1.30 (−1.90, −0.80)

−2.20 (−3.20, −1.40)

1.40 (0.90, 2.10)

−4.00 (−5.70, −2.40)

2.40 (1.55, 3.70)

< 0.001

2.319

Phosphate change quartile (%)

      

< 0.001

4.29

 1

2181 (25.4)

660 (22.9)

1131 (58.0)

0

390 (84.4)

0

  

 2

2138 (24.9)

1483 (51.5)

590 (30.3)

0

65 (14.1)

0

  

 3

2161 (25.2)

738 (25.6)

228 (11.7)

1055 (42.3)

6 (1.3)

134 (16.8)

  

 4

2106 (24.5)

0

0

1440 (57.7)

1 (0.2)

665 (83.2)

  
  1. Phosphate1 and phosphate2 were defined according to the time sequence that the phosphate values were recorded.
  2. Data are presented as medians (interquartile range) or n (%).
  3. SMD standardized mean differences, BMI body mass index, CCU coronary care unit, CSRU cardiac surgery unit, MICU medical intensive care, SICU surgical intensive care unit, TSICU trauma surgical intensive care unit, SO2 oxygen saturation, BE basic excess, BUN blood urea nitrogen, WBC white blood cell, SAPS II simplified acute physiology score II, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, CHF congestive heart failure, CA cardiac arrhythmia, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, CLD chronic liver disease, AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome, RRT renal replacement therapy, MV mechanical ventilation.
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