Table 1 The causal effects across varying distances.

From: Applying causality to environmental security in Iraq

Distance

Wheat production

Latent energy

Soil moisture

Skin temperature

Population density

0 km

14.02*** (3.87)

24.27*** (6.21)

-18.30*** (4.57)

51.67*** (9.53)

29.66*** (5.75)

3–27 km

23.48*** (4.06)

33.92*** (5.84)

-20.72*** (4.23)

64.16*** (7.55)

22.61*** (4.26)

27–40 km

10.69*** (2.57)

21.83*** (4.28)

-17.93*** (3.13)

48.17*** (7.44)

29.42*** (4.48)

40–50 km

15.62*** (3.38)

26.64*** (5.19)

-19.95*** (3.83)

56.04*** (8.13)

26.65*** (4.50)

50–59 km

12.38*** (2.69)

23.22*** (4.41)

-18.93*** (3.42)

45.23*** (6.45)

34.42*** (4.67)

59–66 km

7.59*** (2.22)

15.05*** (3.54)

-10.41*** (2.40)

36.99*** (6.97)

16.52*** (3.28)

66–73 km

13.99*** (3.14)

28.43*** (5.35)

-16.99*** (3.79)

58.17*** (7.79)

18.17*** (4.08)

73–80 km

14.62*** (3.71)

28.87*** (5.54)

-19.53*** (4.04)

71.40*** (8.98)

32.45*** (5.93)

80–86 km

11.18*** (2.57)

15.61*** (3.61)

-14.71*** (2.85)

41.21*** (6.85)

26.29*** (3.97)

86–92 km

14.45*** (2.72)

20.63*** (4.07)

-16.43*** (3.08)

47.49*** (6.32)

23.16*** (3.84)

92–99 km

12.00*** (2.51)

21.88*** (4.28)

-19.68*** (3.45)

41.15*** (5.97)

26.86*** (3.98)

99–104 km

18.30*** (3.68)

26.26*** (5.17)

-25.15*** (4.25)

63.40*** (8.29)

43.84*** (5.59)

104–110 km

23.17*** (4.55)

37.04*** (6.58)

-24.85*** (4.79)

81.29*** (9.38)

27.69*** (5.08)

110–116 km

7.70*** (1.96)

13.16*** (3.14)

-14.46*** (2.63)

30.19*** (5.87)

30.58*** (3.71)

116–121 km

11.67*** (2.65)

23.80*** (4.76)

-14.04*** (3.04)

45.79*** (7.41)

29.06*** (4.32)

121–126 km

6.92*** (1.73)

13.87*** (3.02)

-16.06*** (2.66)

33.26*** (5.54)

27.72*** (3.40)

126–132 km

16.08*** (3.01)

23.86*** (4.48)

-16.46*** (3.18)

50.07*** (6.82)

21.62*** (3.52)

132–137 km

8.66*** (2.26)

15.93*** (3.97)

-13.12*** (2.83)

33.65*** (6.82)

18.19*** (3.37)

137–142 km

11.02*** (2.54)

16.71*** (3.82)

-14.94*** (2.91)

41.28*** (6.97)

22.61*** (3.55)

142–147 km

15.89*** (3.19)

20.92*** (4.60)

-17.00*** (3.57)

54.80*** (7.76)

31.78*** (4.57)

147–152 km

9.75*** (2.20)

18.46*** (4.04)

-11.33*** (2.53)

30.66*** (5.74)

15.23*** (3.49)

152–158 km

11.11*** (2.47)

17.22*** (4.00)

-14.67*** (2.97)

34.63*** (6.26)

20.02*** (3.31)

158–163 km

14.61*** (2.98)

27.24*** (5.22)

-13.79*** (3.30)

56.28*** (7.80)

25.70*** (4.71)

163–168 km

14.06*** (2.83)

22.30*** (4.62)

-18.70*** (3.60)

43.42*** (6.85)

29.26*** (3.96)

168–173 km

11.76*** (2.73)

18.74*** (4.48)

-15.62*** (3.28)

32.77*** (6.59)

28.39*** (4.20)

173–178 km

13.12*** (2.98)

23.36*** (4.77)

-15.54*** (3.33)

54.18*** (7.64)

24.45*** (4.31)

178–183 km

8.16*** (2.37)

12.68*** (3.43)

-12.00*** (2.62)

41.87*** (8.02)

24.57*** (4.18)

183–188 km

17.17*** (3.43)

22.95*** (4.99)

-20.85*** (4.09)

48.57*** (7.56)

39.79*** (5.41)

188–193 km

14.64*** (2.90)

25.01*** (5.14)

-20.75*** (4.10)

50.37*** (6.90)

19.87*** (3.66)

193–198 km

15.00*** (3.18)

23.31*** (4.93)

-17.27*** (3.58)

48.83*** (7.66)

24.65*** (4.80)

  1. The table presents standardized causal estimates across a range of distance bins. The corresponding standard errors, which reflect the uncertainty of the estimated causal effects, are shown in parentheses. Statistical significance levels: 5%: *; 1%: **; 0.1%: ***.