Table 1 Prevalence of avian influenza virus antibodies as determined by a commercially available bELISA in raptors presented to The Raptor Center (St. Paul, MN) and captured at Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory (Duluth, MN).

From: Exposure and survival of wild raptors during the 2022–2023 highly pathogenic influenza a virus outbreak

Species

Number positive

Number tested

Percent positive

The Raptor Center

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

0

2

0

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

67

97

69.07

Barred Owl (Strix varia)

4

57

7.02

Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus)

0

10

0

Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

0

10

0

Eastern Screech-owl (Megascops asio)

0

9

0

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

5

36

13.89

Long-eared Owl (Asio otus)

0

1

0

Merlin (Falco columbarius)

0

5

0

American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus)

0

2

0

Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius)

0

2

0

Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus)

0

6

0

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)

0

3

0

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

0

2

0

Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus)

1

4

25

Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)

0

1

0

Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)

6

53

11.32

Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)

0

1

0

Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus)

0

1

0

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)

0

6

0

Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)

1

8

12.5

Total

84

316

26.58

Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory

Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)

0

2

0

Long-eared Owl (Asio otus)

0

1

0

American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus)

1

14

7.14

Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius)

0

3

0

Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus)

0

3

0

Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)

1

9

11.11

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)

0

19

0

Total

2

51

3.92