Table 2 Antibodies to H5 and N1 detected in IAV positive sera and plasma samples collected from The Raptor Center (St. Paul, MN) and Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory (Duluth, MN).

From: Exposure and survival of wild raptors during the 2022–2023 highly pathogenic influenza a virus outbreak

Species

bELISA positive

no. individuals

H5N1 positive no. individuals

H5N1% positive

H5 only positive

N1 only positive

non H5N1

American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus)

1

0

0.00

0

0

1

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

67

52

77.61

3

6

6

Barred Owl (Strix varia)

4

1

25.00

1

0

2

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

5

2

40.00

2

1

0

Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus)

1

1

100.00

0

0

0

Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)

7

3

42.86

4

0

0

Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)

1

1

100.00

0

0

0

Total

86

60

69.77

10

7

9