Table 4 Mean values for selected diagnostic ratio indicators for PAHs associated with particulate matter.
Diagnostic ratio | Value | Potential PAH origin | References |
|---|---|---|---|
IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP) | < 0.2 | Petrogenic emission | |
0.35–0.7 | Diesel fuel combustion in a compression-ignition (CI) engine | ||
> 0.5 | Biomass and coal combustion | ||
Flu/(Flu + Pyr) | > 0.5 | Diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine | |
< 0.5 | Gasoline fuel combustion in a spark ignition (SI) engine | ||
BbF/BkF | > 0.5 | Diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine | |
Pyr/BaP | ~ 1 | Gasoline fuel combustion in a SI engine | |
Phe/(Phe + Anth) | 0.65; 0.75; 0.73 | Diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine | |
0.76; 0.85 | Coal combustion | ||
Anth/(Anth + Phe) | > 0.1 | Organic matter incomplete combustion | |
< 0.1 | Petrogenic origin of PAHs, petroleum emissions | ||
> 0.1 | Pyrogenic origin of PAHs, biomass combustion | ||
Fla/(Fla + Pyr) | > 0.5; 0.57 | Coal combustion | |
> 0.5; 0.6–0.7 | Diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine | ||
> 0.5; 0.52 | Gasoline fuel combustion in a SI engine | ||
0.52 | Fuel oil | ||
0.51; 0.7 | Wood combustion | ||
> 0.5 | Coal, grass, wood combustion | ||
0.4–0.5 | Combustion of natural gas | ||
BaP/(BaP + Chr) | 0.18–0.49; 0.46; 0.5 | Coal combustion | |
0.23 | Steel production | ||
BaA/(BaA + Chr) | < 0.2 | Petrogenic emission | |
0.2–0.35; 0.46; 0.5 | Coal combustion | ||
0.5 | The burning of fuel oil | ||
0.22–0.55 | Diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine | ||
0.5 | Gasoline fuel combustion in a SI engine | ||
> 0.5 | Biomass and coal | ||
BaP/(BaP + BeP) | > 0.5 | Combustion-related sources like biomass or coal | |
< 0.5 | Fresh emissions, particularly from traffic sources |
