Table 2 Main and interaction effects of group and time on outcomes.
Primary outcomes | U value | Z value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain intensity (VAS) | 0.000 | −4.457 | p < 0.001 |
Secondary outcomes | Main effect of group | Main effect of time | Interaction of group × time |
Balance ability (TOGU) | F(1, 22) = 0.088, p = 0.770, η²p = 0.004 | F(1, 22) = 8.707, p = 0.007, η²p = 0.284 | F(1, 22) = 8.833, p = 0.007, η²p = 0.284 |
Abdominal strength(kg) | F(1, 22) = 4.788, p = 0.040, η²p = 0.179 | F(1, 22) = 14.034, p = 0.001, η²p = 0.389 | F(1, 22) = 0.541, p = 0.470, η²p = 0.024 |
Back strength(s) | F(1, 22) = 3.534, p = 0.073, η²p = 0.138 | F(1, 22) = 18.277, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.454 | F(1, 22) = 3.995, p = 0.058, η²p = 0.154 |
Abdominal endurance(kg) | F(1, 22) = 3.036, p = 0.095, η²p = 0.121 | F(1, 22) = 33.002, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.600 | F(1, 22) = 7.384, p = 0.013, η²p = 0.251 |
Back endurance(s) | F(1, 22) = 0.543, p = 0.469, η²p = 0.024 | F(1, 22) = 20.847, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.487 | F(1, 22) = 18.394, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.455 |
Hamstring flexibility(cm) | F(1, 22) = 0.009, p = 0.926, η²p < 0.001 | F(1, 22) = 11.227, p = 0.003, η²p = 0.338 | F(1, 22) = 1.825, p = 0.190, η²p = 0.077 |
Hamstring strength(kg) | F(1, 22) = 6.437, p = 0.019, η²p = 0.226 left side F(1, 22) = 6.080, p = 0.022, η²p = 0.217 right side | F(1, 22) = 13.679, p = 0.001, η²p = 0.383 left side F(1, 22) = 17.669, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.445 right side | F (1, 22) = 4.359, p = 0.049, η²p = 0.165 left side; F(1, 22) = 7.953, p = 0.010, η²p = 0.266 right side |
