Table 1 Mean (± standard deviation) of water and sediment chemistry variables measured from Luvuvhu River system, South Africa.
Variable | Hot–wet | Cool–dry | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upstream | Downstream | Tributary | Upstream | Downstream | Tributary | |
Water | ||||||
Temperature (°C) | 15.8 ± 0.9 | 16.4 ± 1.3 | 16 ± 0.9 | 17.8 ± 0.5 | 19.6 ± 1.5 | 17.6 ± 0.7 |
pH | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 1.1 |
Total dissolved solids (mg L–1) | 73.2 ± 9 | 93.3 ± 7.9 | 90.5 ± 22.9 | 82.9 ± 6.6 | 101.2 ± 13.7 | 98.3 ± 28.5 |
Conductivity (µS cm–1) | 225 ± 22.1 | 276.7 ± 36.7 | 273.5 ± 82.1 | 228.5 ± 23.8 | 271.2 ± 71.6 | 267.7 ± 95 |
Salinity (ppm) | 108.1 ± 12.2 | 132.7 ± 17.6 | 141 ± 46.1 | 110.1 ± 10.6 | 124.6 ± 21.7 | 129.7 ± 44.4 |
Resistivity (Ω) | 6989.7 ± 774.1 | 5352 ± 527 | 5556 ± 1338.5 | 6091.5 ± 431.2 | 4220.9 ± 2046.8 | 5407.1 ± 1331.1 |
Ammonium (mg L–1) | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 2 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.3 |
Phosphates (mg L–1) | 5.0 ± 2.4 | 3.2 ± 2.9 | 6.4 ± 4.6 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.8 |
Sediment | ||||||
pH | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.1 |
Resistivity (Ω) | 2850.8 ± 1231.7 | 2409.2 ± 1173.6 | 2845.0 ± 1173.6 | 2043.3 ± 975.7 | 1618.3 ± 623.4 | 1977.5 ± 623.4 |
Stone (%) | 23.2 ± 22.7 | 9.8 ± 5.3 | 12.8 ± 5.3 | 24.4 ± 20.3 | 25.2 ± 16.9 | 20.7 ± 16.9 |
P (mg kg–1) | 6.2 ± 2.2 | 9.7 ± 9.2 | 5.5 ± 9.2 | 7.5 ± 3.4 | 11.4 ± 11.3 | 6.7 ± 11.3 |
K (mg kg–1) | 23.0 ± 8.6 | 20.6 ± 3.7 | 18.2 ± 3.7 | 30.2 ± 16.4 | 30.0 ± 15.6 | 23.0 ± 15.6 |
Ca (mg kg–1) | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | 4.2 ± 2.9 | 2.8 ± 2.9 |
Mg (mg kg–1) | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.9 |
Na (mg kg–1) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
Cu (mg kg–1) | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 7.9 ± 5.8 | 3.2 ± 5.8 | 5.3 ± 6.0 | 8.6 ± 11.0 | 6.1 ± 11.0 |
Zn (mg kg–1) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | 1.6 ± 2.3 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 1.6 |
Mn (mg kg–1) | 135.5 ± 74.2 | 269.5 ± 174.3 | 328.4 ± 174.3 | 370.7 ± 690.0 | 305.1 ± 249.8 | 348.0 ± 249.9 |
B (mg kg–1) | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
Fe (mg kg–1) | 166.5 ± 74.7 | 3341 ± 171.8 | 431.9 ± 171.9 | 359.3 ± 383.6 | 224.6 ± 140.3 | 286.9 ± 140.4 |
C (%) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
S (mg kg–1) | 6.8 ± 2.8 | 17.1 ± 15.1 | 8.1 ± 15.1 | 16.1 ± 10.5 | 13.3 ± 8.1 | 9.8 ± 8.1 |
T Value (cmol kg–1) | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 5.5 ± 1.7 | 3.9 ± 1.8 | 7.1 ± 5.4 | 6.5 ± 3.7 | 4.4 ± 3.7 |
Acid Saturation (%) | 9.0 ± 6.4 | 5.1 ± 6.4 | 5.1 ± 6.4 | 4.0 ± 4.7 | 3.1 ± 4.9 | 3.9 ± 4.9 |
