Table 1 Areas of different freeze–thaw erosion intensities in the cold mountainous areas of Northwestern Yunnan from 2017 to 2023 (103 km2).

From: Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of freeze–thaw erosion intensity in the high-cold mountainous areas of Northwestern Yunnan from 2017 to 2023

Intensity year

Slight

Light

Moderate

Intense

Extreme

Severe

2017

7.29

9.17

11.12

7.00

6.04

2.98

2018

7.20

9.06

11.05

6.92

5.66

3.70

2019

4.68

8.84

10.24

9.37

7.43

3.03

2020

4.25

10.62

10.29

8.02

6.92

3.49

2021

6.18

13.79

9.34

5.75

5.41

3.11

2022

6.71

9.34

10.85

7.48

5.65

3.57

2023

5.71

10.37

11.33

7.47

5.75

2.95