Fig. 1

Clean \({\hbox{Au}(111)}\) surface in well-ordered herringbone reconstruction. (a) Large area (\({{300}\times {300}\,\hbox{nm}^{2}}\)) constant-current STM image measured at \(U ={-1.3}\,\hbox {V}\) and \(I ={23}\,\hbox {pA}\). (b) Valence band spectrum recorded at a photon energy of \(\hbox{h}\nu ={52.5}\,\hbox {eV}\) under normal emission. (c) The LEED pattern was obtained with \(E_{\text {kin.}}={55}\,\hbox {eV}\). In the inset, the superstructure spots of the herringbone reconstruction are marked by arrows. (d) High-resolution XPS spectra of the \(\hbox{Au}\,\hbox{4f}\) signal, recorded at a photon energy of \(\hbox{h}\nu ={240}\,\hbox {eV}\) and under emission angles of \(\Theta ={0}^{\circ}\) (top) and \(\Theta ={60}^{\circ }\) (bottom).