Fig. 14

Schematic diagram of soil displacement vectors around the tunnel under various deformation modes: (a) DM 1; (b) DM 2; (c) DM 3; (d) DM 4. (Note: DM (number) represents the deformation mode number) Generated using Visio 2023.

Schematic diagram of soil displacement vectors around the tunnel under various deformation modes: (a) DM 1; (b) DM 2; (c) DM 3; (d) DM 4. (Note: DM (number) represents the deformation mode number) Generated using Visio 2023.