Fig. 7


(A) Measuring DNA damage in cells using CASP lab software showing different degrees of DNA migration (DNA fragmentation) indicated by comet parameters as comet head and tail. (a) Control: No DNA migration in undamaged cell (b) Treated: Mild increase in DNA migration or tail length (c) Treated: Moderate increase in DNA migration; (d) Treated: Severe DNA damage with increased DNA migration or tail length. (B) Unprocessed comet assay image showing control and treated group (C) DNA migration (tail length, µm) in control, low dose 64 µg/l, and high dose 160 µg/l for 30 to 60 days exposed groups to 4-NP in the testes of H. fossilis Statistical significance is determined using Two-way ANOVA and post hoc test Bonefferoni test. Different letters indicate significant differences with respective control (n = 15, P < 0.05).