Table 1 Variables description.

Load capacity factor

LCP

\(\frac{{{\text{Biocapacity}}}}{{{\text{Ecological}}\;{\text{footprint}}}}\)(per capita)

Footprint Network (2023)

www.footprintnetwork.org

Economic growth

GDP

GDP prt capita (US $/ constant 2017)

WDI (2023)

Crypto energy consumption

ELE

0.05 USD per kilowatt-hour of electricity (BTC)

The Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF)

https://ccaf.io/cbnsi/cbeci.

Crypto water footprint

WTR

Gigaliter (BTC)

¹²

Total enviremental patents

TGP

Total enviremental patents

OECD (2023)

Energy transition

ENT

Renewable energy / (coal + Natural Gas ) KWH per capita

Our world in data (2023)