Table 8 Comparative normalized time response metrics using documented studies.

From: A novel pressure control method for nonlinear shell-and-tube steam condenser system via electric eel foraging optimizer

Control method

Normalized settling time (s)

Normalized overshoot (%)

\(\:ITAE\) (\(\:{t}_{fault}=10\) s and \(\:{t}_{sim}=50\) s)

Steady-state error (kPA)

EEFO based PI-PDN (proposed)

13.1799

2.5609

2.6957

5.7304E − 07

CSA based FOPID8

17.0509

12.0526

14.3100

6.5730E − 04

RIME based FOPID8

17.6610

17.7156

15.9775

0.0053

GWO based PI12

19.8228

21.0680

23.8138

1.0680E − 04

GA based PI12

28.2457

43.5800

64.5673

0.0059

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