Table 1 Soil constitutive model and contact model parameter table.

From: Influence of P-wave oblique incidence on seismic response of helical piles in soft soil sites

Material

Density/kg·m−3

Young’s modulus/MPa

Poisson’s ratio

Friction angle/°

Cohesive force/kPa

Coefficient of friction

Soil

1890

2

0.30

15

15

0.1