Fig. 3

The alterations of individual variability in MDD patients. (A) The mean IVFC spatial patterns of the DMN regions. (B) The different DMN IVFC patterns of the MDD and HC groups, including density, mean, and standard deviation values. (C) The Z-value patterns of the DMN regions. The z-value for each ROI was obtained through between-group comparisons using the permutation test. (D) The subregions of the DMN exhibited altered IVFC patterns. A comparison was conducted between the density distribution and the mean IVFC values across the DMN regions. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; IVFC individual variability of functional connectivity, Std standard deviation, MDD major depressive disorder, HC healthy controls, vmPFC ventromedial prefrontal cortex, IPS intraparietal sulcus, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, DMN default mode network.